• Skip to primary navigation
  • Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
  • Skip to footer

Baking Sense

  • Home
  • Recipes
  • Baking School
  • Essential Baking Tools
  • About Eileen/FAQ
  • Contact Me
  • Navigation Menu: Social Icons

    • Email
    • Facebook
    • Google+
    • Instagram
    • Pinterest
    • Twitter

Chemical Leaveners

March 29, 2017 by Eileen Gray Leave a Comment

If you like to bake from scratch, learning the basics about chemical leaveners (baking soda & baking powder) can help you understand how your recipe works. Knowing which and how much leavener to use is a valuable tool in the baker’s skill set.

Pound cake made with various amounts of salt and leavening.

One recipe made with various amount of chemical leavener

What are Chemical Leaveners?

When certain acidic and alkaline compounds come together with water there is a reaction that produces carbon dioxide gas. Chemical leaveners, like baking powder and baking soda, use that carbon dioxide gas to lighten and aerate baked goods. The gas is trapped in the batter or dough, allowing bubbles in the batter to expand, which causes the baked good to rise. If you ever made a “baking soda volcano” as a school science project you’ve seen this reaction.

Baking Soda–

The alkaline component in the chemical reaction is usually sodium bicarbonate, aka baking soda. The alkaline baking soda needs an acidic counterpart to create carbon dioxide gas. If there is an acidic ingredient in the recipe, such as buttermilk or yogurt, the baking soda will react with that ingredient to create carbon dioxide.

If you use baking soda in a recipe that has little or no acidic ingredients, it will break down into carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate, an alkaline compound. If you’ve ever eaten a baked good that left a soapy taste in your mouth there was either too much baking soda or not enough acid in the recipe. Excess alkaline will also cause chocolate to look red (devil’s food cake) and blueberries to turn green.

Baking Powder –

If there is very little or no acidic component in your recipe, the leavener of choice is baking powder.

Baking powder is composed of alkaline baking soda, acidic salt crystals and a little starch to absorb moisture. Most commercial baking powders are labeled as “double-acting”. Double acting baking powders contain two types of acid; one acid, such as cream of tartar, which will dissolve quickly in cold water and a second acid which is slower to dissolve.

The fast dissolving acid releases carbon dioxide as soon as it comes in contact with the liquid in the recipe, causing an initial lightening of the batter as it’s mixed. The slower dissolving acid releases a second burst of carbon dioxide when the batter hits the heat of the oven. The first reaction is smaller and just begins the process of forming the gas cells in the batter. The second reaction in the oven is larger and expands the cells even further. With a properly leavened recipe, the batter surrounding the air bubbles will have time to set in the oven before the final burst of carbon dioxide expands. Too much leavener will cause the baked good to rise too fast. The unbaked batter can’t hold in the bubbles and the cake will collapse.

How much leavener is the proper amount?

It takes about ¼ teaspoon of baking soda or about 1 teaspoon baking powder to lift a cup of flour in a recipe. A ½ teaspoon of baking soda will neutralize 1 cup of an acidic ingredient.

Just a little math-Recipes often employ a combination of baking powder and baking soda, using just enough baking soda to neutralize the acid in the recipe, but also enough total leavener to lift the flour in the recipe.

For example, if we add a ½ cup of yogurt or sour cream to a pound cake recipe we would need a ¼ teaspoon of baking soda to neutralize the acidic ingredient. That ¼ teaspoon of baking soda releases enough carbon dioxide to lift 1 cup of flour. Let’s assume the recipe has a total of 2 cups of flour. You would need to add enough baking powder to lift the remaining cup of flour. The recipe would need ¼ teaspoon baking soda plus 1 teaspoon baking powder to leaven a cake with 2 cups of flour in the batter. Got that? Good!

Baking powder can be made at home by mixing 1 part baking soda with 2 parts cream of tartar and 1 1/2 parts corn starch. Since cream of tartar is a fast dissolving acid, a batter made with this home made baking powder should be put in the oven as soon as it’s mixed to get the most volume. There will not be a second release of carbon dioxide in the oven.

It’s important to know that chemical leaveners are perishable. If you’re having trouble with your recipes not rising as they should, check the expiration date on the leavener.

Of course the type and amount of leavener can be manipulated based on the baker’s preference. You can use baking powder even if there is an acidic ingredient in the recipe. I’ll often do this when I add buttermilk or sour cream to cake batter. Without the neutralizing baking soda, the batter is left slightly acidic. Not only does this help with the flavor, but a slightly acidic batter will make for a more tender crumb.  This is why I like to say that baking is both an art and a science. It’s helpful to know about the science of the ingredients, but it takes a bit of an art to use them to get a recipe just as you like it.

You might also like:

The same pound cake recipe made with gradually more baking powder.

Cake Batter-Leaveners

Experimenting with eggs in pound cake.

Baking Ingredient-Eggs

Butter, shortening and oil can all be used in cake batter

Baking Ingredients-Fats

The size and shape of salt crystals varies quite a bit

Baking Ingredients-Salt

sugar in baking

Baking Ingredients- Sugar

6 types of flour

Baking Ingredients – Flour

Ever wonder why some recipes use baking powder and some use baking soda? Learn all about leaveners in baking.

Filed Under: Ingredients Tagged With: baking powder, baking science, baking soda, chemical leaveners

Previous Post: « How to – Ice a Cake Like a Pastry Chef
Next Post: Sugar »

Reader Interactions

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Primary Sidebar

My new book is now available at Amazon! As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.

Welcome!! Baking is an art and a science, but it’s not rocket science. Anyone can bake if they have a good recipe and the helping hand of a seasoned baker. I’m a pastry chef and lifelong baker. I enjoy sharing my well-tested recipes with bakers of every skill level. Read more….

Footer

  • Home
  • Recipes
  • Baking School
  • Essential Baking Tools
  • About Eileen/FAQ
  • Contact Me
Privacy Policy

Copyright © 2019 Baking Sense on the Foodie Pro Theme

  • 1
  • 50
  • 1
  • 50